Jeers for the Forum (part 2 of 2)

As I explained yesterday, my reflections on this year's UN Forum on Business and Human Rights comes in the form of the "Cheers and Jeers" that used to appear in my hometown newspaper. Yesterday, I started with the "cheers" (positive notes) and today I'll conclude with the "jeers" (problems and constructive criticism).

More extensive criticisms will come, I'm sure.

Jeers

1. That Pavel Sulyandziga, a member of the UN Working Group, was unable to attend. It used to be that fame for a human rights defender also meant protection. States like Russia and Honduras avoided direct attacks against their known activists lest the world turn their attention to atrocities in the state. This reality partly explains why Nobel Laureates like Aung San Suu Kyi and the Dalai Lama remained under house arrest or in exile while lesser-known activists were thrown in jail or killed. It is also the very premise of Peace Brigades International's accompaniment work. It is therefore particularly disconcerting that a member of the UN Working Group on business and human rights has had to seek political asylum because his work as a human rights defender and indigenous leader has left him and his family vulnerable.

Pavel's absence, for anyone who was used to his clear presence in past Forums, was unmistakeable even before he appeared on the big screen during the final plenary. Pavel's asylum claim -- and as a result his inability to be in Geneva this year -- follows the noted killing of Berta Cáceres, whose fame was supposed to protect her, and an attack on her daughter Bertha Zuñiga (sister of last year's closing plenary keynote speaker Laura Cáceres). Bertha's leadership role, her fame, and the infamy around her mother's death should have protected her from attack as well. Hundreds of human rights defenders are being killed for their work on business and human rights. And the sad reality is that we cannot secure justice for all of them straight away. But if we allow our most famous activists to be murdered and their killers to enjoy impunity, then there is no hope for justice for the most vulnerable and newest human rights defenders.

Russia and Honduras are under ongoing obligations to investigate, prosecute and punish, respectively, the threats against Pavel and the attacks against Berta and Bertha. I doubt either state will ever meet their obligation, which is part of the problem. These attacks send a clear signal of just how precarious our current situation is, and how vulnerable to attack members of our community are. But, that's also part of the point of such high-profile attacks, isn't it? If a member of the UN Working Group on Business and Human Rights cannot attend the UN's annual Forum for fear of an attack, can any of our grassroots and community organizers believe themselves to be safe? The message to the less-famous is clear: shut up or risk your life and the lives of those you love.

Instead of allowing Pavel's absence to be used to silence grassroots and community organizers, I hope it serves as a call to action for the rest of us to use our privilege to protect and elevate these voices. In 2012, the US passed the Magnitsky Act prohibiting travel to the US by individuals responsible for the death of a tax accountant who investigated fraud and corruption by Russian tax officials. The US later expanded the legislation into a Global Magnitsky Act (see HRW's brief overview here), which can be used to take action against foreign individuals implicated in gross human rights abuses. Their accounts can be frozen and they can be banned from traveling to the US. Canada has a similar law, which has already been robustly acted on in regards to Russia, Venezuela, and South Sudan. The UK has an intentionally less robust (and therefore less effective) version of the law as well.

The Magnitsky Act has worked on Russia, although admittedly only to moderate success. The anger and vitriol Russia expresses when new Magnitsky legislation is adopted is a testament to the power of the law. Expanding its use -- ensuring that systematic and state-sanctioned attacks on human rights defenders will be punished -- is necessary. We need four things:

• States with Magnitsky laws should identify Honduran leaders to be sanctioned because of Berta Caceres's murder and because of the threats against Bertha Zuñiga. Thanks to an investigative report by a panel of experts, we know who Honduras should be pursuing for Berta's murder, and we know a lot of the evidence against these individuals. 
• Serious consideration is needed as to how the global Magnitsky Act can be used to respond to threats like those experienced by Pavel and his family, which force defenders into exile even if they do not culminate in murder.
• More states need to adopt Magnitsky laws and use these laws for the benefit of human rights and land defenders.
• Corporations who are pro-human rights, and who abide by international standards for business and human rights, should pressure their governments to adopt global Magnitsky laws and to use them to sanction business and human rights violations.

I realise that Pavel's absence is something the WG, and Pavel himself, could not control. But it is something the rest of us can and should respond to.

2. Development and Remedies are Not the Same Thing. There is a time and a place to brag about your development project. It is not at a Forum about remedies. This was the most annoying, repetitive issue this year. You cannot build a school because you polluted a community and then stick a "remedies!" sticker on it and move on. Similarly, if you benefitted from child labour, building a school is not an adequate reparation. It's a start, but it doesn't get you there.

In a Forum dedicated to remedies, too many states and businesses failed to address remedies. Or they talked about the process of their remedies but not their substance. Substantive remedies and development are not the same thing. We need states and businesses to understand that.

Now, I loved the opening plenary. It was fantastic. But I don't remember an extensive focus on remedies within the plenary. Seeing how that played out over the next 2.5 days -- with people confusing remedies and development, or ignoring the full character of remedies -- I think we could have benefitted from a little overview of what is expected when we discuss remedies. I don't think every panelist needs to address that, but I think there should've been one designated legal mind who reminded the audience what we mean when we discuss 'remedies' and what the demands are, both substantive and procedural. If we continue with the pillar-based themes -- and, again, I really hope we do -- I hope we somehow integrate a 'common language' discussion into the opening plenary.

3. There were still times in which the role of women made me uncomfortable. I recognize that we had at least two all-women panels and that more women appeared on behalf of businesses this year. But, these panels were noteworthy because they still largely remained the exception.

Too often, we saw a single woman on an otherwise all-male panel. Such panels now annoy me almost as much as all-male panels. We know how women are listened to and there is enough evidence to suggest that women are listened to in a different way when there is one of them at the table versus when there are two. Yet, the one-woman demonstration was on display at the Forum.

There was at least one panel where they clearly so desperately wanted a non-critical woman that they got someone who had no background in this area and didn't know what she was talking about and put her on a panel she was ill-equipped to handle. How she was used was so appalling to me that not only did I not tweet about her talk out of pity for her, but I refuse to name the panel even now because she should not be publicly humiliated simply because someone belatedly realised they should have "gender balance" on their panel.

Edited to note that in this context the "they" does not refer to the WG or the Forum Secretariat. Based on the circumstances, I do not believe they were responsible for the choice of speakers on this panel. 

There were also several panels in which men were positioned as 'experts' and women were positioned as 'victims' or 'rights-holders.' Yes, women can be anything and therefore can be victims' voices, but women can also do a lot more than just speak from the heart or speak about their own experience. We need to stop thinking of "gender balance" as a numbers-counting exercise. You can't go "oh, well, there's one woman there, so we're golden."  We need panels that feature women as experts. We need panels in which the women are empowered to challenge, disagree with, and respond to the men as their equals (and sometimes their superiors).

4. That leads me to my ongoing complaint: the lack of academics generally and the lack of women academics specifically. I know I've discussed this before, but I'll keep discussing it until there's a noted improvement. There are times when academics fill a void no one else can or should. For example, on the Chinese businesses panel, a non-Chinese academic could have been a nice independent voice that pointed out that development and remedies are not the same thing, that China raises unique state-business nexus issues that change the nature of its obligations, that we need China to develop accessible remedies for the benefit of those harmed by their corporations overseas, that China needs to ensure human rights are protected within the context of investment contracts, etc. I'm aware that such a voice would never be approved by the state, but that should be part of the conditions for receiving a panel presence at the Forum. If you want to promote yourself and your approach to business and human rights -- and let's be real, that's why states and businesses have panels at the Forum -- you should be subjected to scrutiny, and the WG should ensure that happens by ensuring each panel is balanced.*

*I realise this is unfair to the WG, who do their job on a voluntary and unpaid basis and for whom ensuring each panel is balanced would probably add (a hyperbolic) 16,000 hours of work, but someone needs to be doing this and they're the only ones (besides OHCHR) who can.

Relying on Q&A to present critical voices is unwise for several reasons. First, half the panels run out of time during the Q&A. Second, several panelists just clearly ignored critical questions and never felt the need to answer them. While this may remain true if the same questions are posed by a fellow panelist, it is simply much harder to do. Third, there's a randomness to the Q&A so that means you're not necessarily securing criticism. Fourth, there is a benefit to the simultaneous translation often offered during the sessions. I was invited by one speaker to discuss my question after the panel (because they chose not to answer it fully even though there was time for it), but I couldn't ask the question in Japanese and he -- apparently? maybe? seemingly? -- couldn't listen to it in English. So, I will now beg -- because I am not above it -- beg the members of the WG to ensure that there are independent voices capable of being critical on each panel moving forward.

5. Where were the states?? And do they know they can make good faith, civil, and non-confrontational recommendations in situations other than the UPR? The Forum, which is premised upon and mandated to be a place for sharing and cooperation across stakeholder groups, is a great place for states to carry over all the lessons they've learned on constructive criticism and cooperation at the UPR. That simply didn't happen this year.

Andrea Saldariagga noted that they could not get a state to appear on their investment law panel (which is sad because it was a really good panel this year). I noted lots of state placards around the various rooms but never heard a state representative ask a question or make a recommendation to panel of a general nature. And while there were state representatives on panels dedicated to developments in their own state (Colombia, China, Myanmar), they didn't seem to appear on a lot of other panels. I will commend the Government of Brazil, who responded to direct criticism from one panel with promises of listening and engaging in dialogue with stakeholders. During a Forum in which it felt like states only appeared on "friendly" panels, this ends up being praise-worthy. That is rather sad.

If stakeholders are talking and states aren't listening, there's little benefit to the Forum. We can't make the institutional changes necessary without states. And while Room XX is very pretty, if I'm only going to talk to academics and NGOs we should do that where we can buy cheep pizza and beer immediately afterwards.

6. 3 hour panel sessions? Okay, so clearly none of the academics on the WG were responsible for this because academics know you simply cannot maintain focus for 3 hours while people talk at you. We can either have 3 hours sessions or we can have panel speakers, but we cannot have both. Despite feeling really engaged with and committed to the topics I attended this year, by hour 2.5 of each session, I felt like some combination of these guys:

    

In case you're wondering, in order, that's: sleepy, sleepy, and irrationally confused and annoyed by simple things. If it wouldn't have compromised my reputation, I probably would've ended up like this more than once:

Okay, that's an exaggeration, but how could I not include that adorable puppy in this post??

7. While I love the security guards, I definitely do not love the elitist name badge system. It's not just colour-coded now, but it brands you with a letter. In the case of academics, we were literally wearing a "Scarlet A". Listen, I know we're not loved at the Forum, but this was a bit much, wasn't it? (kidding. sort of.) The badges made the writing easier to read, but I suddenly felt like there was a clearer pecking order, and that extended well beyond the legitimate color-coding necessary for fast security procedures.

I also ended up spending way, way too much time trying to decipher the meaning of the letters. I got A, I, N, G, and O, but what the heck are R and Z for?? (Also, if we're going to have letters in the future, can't there at least be a B so we could play badge-based Bingo?)


So those are my 'jeers' for this year's Forum. I was much more pleased with this year than recent forums, but there are always some things that can be improved upon and I hope the WG will consider some of these suggestions.


(special note to Debbie: I was going to include a single puppy at the end of this post just to improve your day, but then I found all the adorable sleepy puppies and ... it might've gotten a little out of control.)

Cheers for the Forum (part 1 of 2)

Now that the #UNForumBHR 2017 is over and done, here are some brief reflections in the form of "Cheers and Jeers" that used to appear in my hometown newspaper. Today, I'll start with the "cheers" (positive developments) and tomorrow I'll conclude with the "jeers" (negative realities).

More extensive criticisms will come, I'm sure.

Cheers

1. Anytime a victim is on a panel about investment law, you know victims are being heard. The Working Group on business and human rights ("WG") clearly made an effort to find and include victims, and not only did they do a brilliant job of it, but I think it helped shape the nature and focus of the Forum in a positive way. I no longer left half of the panels frustrated at the complete disconnect from state-business promises and the reality I know to exist on the ground. Reality got to speak first and set the terms of the conversation. Hopefully that will carry over throughout this year to affect the kind of progress to come.

2. Having a single theme allowed for a more coherent string throughout the entire Forum. I'm sure there are people who choose one "track" each year, but I've never been one of those people. My Forum experiences, while often inspiring, have also been quite scattershot, hopping from a session on NAPs to a session on victims' voices to a session on this great-awesome-exciting-new-tool that this one company employed to semi-moderate success on the one issue they feel comfortable addressing because they don't want to actually address their major human rights impacts. This Forum, I felt like things were building on each other even when they were not explicitly related.

Additionally, while the focus was on Pillar 3, we could not adequately discuss that pillar without also touching upon the interlinked and inseparable Pillars 1 and 2. This year demonstrated that a narrow and focused theme does not need to cost us a comprehensive approach to the UNGPs.

I would like to see the WG continue this by choosing one 'pillar' for each year.

3. As Larry Catá Backer has so eloquently noted, "the Forum itself manifested a move away from a focus on the human rights effects of economic activity to a discussion grounded in the economic manifestation of human rights." This was a refreshing development and I encourage you  to read Larry's more thoughtful and thorough examination of this development on this blog.

4. There were multiple all-women panels. This doesn't quite make up for last year's all-male opening, but it does go a long way.

Oh, and before anyone asks: yes, it's okay to have an all-women panel despite the fact that it is not okay to have an all-male panel. Globally, the power dynamics are such that women's voices remain undervalued and underutilized. All-male panels reinforce this power dynamic; all-women panels do not.

5. Security seemed to work much faster this year. And the security guards at the UN are always so nice (firm, but nice). I just want to go down the line and hug them at the end of the three days (but I don't because they have a job to do and hugging me is not it).

6. These quick, visual summaries of each discussion, created on the spot by Lucia Fabiana of thevalueweb.org. They beautifully captured the main points of each discussion -- which is an impressive feat when you really understand that she had no idea what the presenters were going to say until they started talking! I'm so glad this was integrated into the Forum. As I said on twitter, in the future I think these should be auctioned off and the money raised can be used to provide travel grants to speakers and panelists for future Forums. More importantly (selfishly?), I want them to be sold off just so I can buy one and hang it in my office.

7. The evening debate on the effectiveness of non-judicial remedies. The debate, organized by the German Institute for Human Rights and the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions, pitted Justine Nolan, Prabindra Shakya, and Fernanda Hopenhaym, arguing that non-judicial remedies are ineffective, against Mark Taylor, Gwendolyn Remmert, and Debbie Stothard, arguing that non-judicial remedies are effective. I want to note at the outset what moderator Christopher Schuller did, which is that the speakers were each assigned a side that may or may not reflect their actual position.

Now, I have the utmost respect for Mark, Gwendolyn, and Debbie (the last being one of my favourite people to catch up with each Forum), but in my opinion Justine, Parbindra and Fernanda walked away with this (the total vote count suggests the debate was much closer than I felt it to be).

The format of a debate was refreshing. It was fun, light, and interesting -- exactly what we needed if we are to stay focused until 7pm. Honestly, I would love to see this integrated into the Forum's main sessions in the future. Surely this would be a perfect plenary approach for day 2. We don't need to only have an opening and a closing plenary, do we?

Now, if I were ranking items in terms of cheer-worthiness, I would've ranked this much higher. I saved it for the last 'cheer,' however, because the debate raised some significant substantive issues I want to touch upon.

An audience member asked Justine's side why we continue to use non-judicial remedies if we consider them ineffective. On twitter, I likened it to a man wandering through the desert looking for water. He stumbles upon a shop that only sells Coke (or Pepsi, or any other name brand soda pop). Now, if you have access to adequate, safe, drinkable water, it doesn't kill you to have a Coke every now and then (it's not great for you, but it doesn't kill you). When you cannot access water, Coke is inadequate means of addressing your biological and practical needs. A Coke will wet your palate but it will not quench your thirst, and depending on your previous intake of Coke, it could have harmful impacts. If you're the man wandering the desert dehydrated, do you drink the Coke anyway? I think you do because you hope that it will buy you enough time to find some water. You do so because you are so desperate to alleviate the pain you are feeling that you would drink the sand if you could.

That is how I feel about non-judicial remedies: they are Coke to a dehydrated population desperate for anything resembling water. If they were supplemented by adequate and effective judicial mechanisms, they would be an appropriate alternative -- one option amongst many that might not always be the right answer but can be a good choice in some circumstances.

Right now, we lack effective judicial remedies in much of the world. Where states do offer remedies, they are often not available to those who are harmed by the state's corporate nationals overseas.* The difficulty of crossing legal systems, the corporate veil, standards for discovery, forum non convenience, costs, and the lack of legal aid can each quickly turn what is an effective remedy into an ineffective one.

*I specifically asked whether the Chinese government was considering the need to open its courts up to claims by those harmed by its corporate operations overseas. No one on the panel wanted to answer that question.

Desperate for anything resembling justice, victims avail themselves to non-judicial mechanisms. But these mechanisms are not supposed to be our only hope.

There are two insidious threats that come from relying primarily or exclusively on non-judicial mechanisms.

First, non-judicial mechanisms are generally one step above naming-and-shaming. They sometimes (although not always) allow for a discussion or dialogue and a meeting of the minds. This kind of engagement is only appropriate with some human rights violations. When I was in Myanmar, I heard stories from people whose sacred trees had been cut down to make way for an oil pipeline and all they wanted was an acknowledgment of wrongdoing from the company and/or state. A non-judicial mechanism can accomplish that. While working on Colombia, I was confronted with stories of people whose indigenous leaders were beheaded and whose family members were killed in front of them. A non-judicial mechanism is inappropriate for redressing that kind of a violation, in part because the state is under an ongoing obligation to investigate, prosecute, and punish the perpetrators, and in part because a non-judicial mechanism generally cannot issue an enforceable order for the variety of substantive reparations necessary to make someone whole in those circumstance. They generally cannot order changes to policies that would amount to guarantees of non-recurrence; they cannot issue enforceable compensation awards; they cannot require mental, physical and social rehabilitative services; they may not be able to issue a formal declaration of wrongdoing absent the company's consent; they may not be able to require publication of the record in a newspaper or require the development of a memorial to those killed. They can commence a dialogue and they may issue findings of fact (although this is not always possible), but a non-judicial mechanism facing allegations of serious or criminal breaches of IHRL will be rendered ineffective by the limited substantive remedies it can facilitate or order.

Now for the insidious threat: where victims and communities are forced to rely on non-judicial mechanisms, they can lose their naming-and-shaming power. Victims often set aside public advocacy in the name of 'dialogue and discussion' through the non-judicial mechanism, but they do so without gaining significant enforcement capability. This exchange compromises the limited power of the affected individuals and communities outside the mechanism without giving them commensurate power within the mechanism. The absence of an effective judicial oversight to which the rights-holder(s) can appeal means that states and businesses can effectively undermine the non-judicial mechanism without any consequences while placating a desperate community and avoiding the harsh spotlight of media campaigns.

The second insidious threat comes from the non-judicial remedies themselves. Ineffective non-judicial mechanisms have little incentive to improve their own standards because people will use them anyhow. While an effective judicial mechanism would throw into sharp relief an ineffective non-judicial mechanism, that is impossible now in much of the world. Our judicial remedies are morally bankrupt so that our non-judicial remedies have little incentive not to be as well. Ineffective  mechanisms can still justify their existence to donors and victims because there is no competition to shows their inadequacy, and no means of challenging their decisions effectively.

Some will accuse me of being unfair and jaded. I will plead guilty to being jaded -- I consider it a necessity and a benefit in this field -- but not to being unfair. I am not impugning the work of the many dedicated servants who work on and for non-judicial mechanisms. I am simply noting how their work can be manipulated by those who want to avoid serious accountability. Additionally, there are some non-judicial mechanism that will have an internal desire to improve because they value the service they offer. This is not, however, true for all non-judicial mechanisms and simply hoping this to be true is not just futile but dangerous.

In states where litigation is an option, I am an advocate for (some) non-judicial mechanisms. But I have no reason to believe non-judicial mechanisms as a whole will ever be effective as long as they remain our only or primary means of securing redress. The expectations for full and complete justice for every type of human rights violation is a weight non-judicial mechanisms are simply not designed to bear. By using them as a substitute for, rather than a complement to, judicial processes, we render them ineffective.

There is hope on the horizon. Last week, a Canadian court once again allowed a business and human rights based claim to proceed against a Canadian mining company. This is the third case winding its way through Canadian courts.

This is a huge win, in part because Canadian mining companies have long been the worst of the worst in our field. In comparison to Canadian mining companies, most US companies are as sweet as a group of golden retrievers playing in the snow.

(And why, yes, I did choose this as my metaphor because this wouldn't always translate well to different cultures. Just like US companies!)

By the way, that's not a compliment to US businesses; it's a condemnation of Canadian mining.

If states like Canada continue to push forward access to judicial mechanisms, then we may be able to one day rely on and justify the existence and efficacy of non-judicial mechanisms. But we need a more significant take-up. It shouldn't only  be European, US, and Canadian courts that are capable of enforcing orders against large multinational enterprises. I am not so naive as to believe states like the Eritrea,* where Vancouver-based Nevsun Resources allegedly enjoyed the benefits of forced labour, can quickly be reformed so as to ensure adequate and effective remedies. But there are plenty of states who can reform and need to.

* On a side-note, Nevsun Resources made the argument that Eritrea could provide a fair trial. Am I the only one who believes that such an argument crosses the line from robust advocacy to outright lying to the court? It's like arguing that Princess Leia could have challenged the destruction of Alderaan through the domestic courts of the Galactic Empire but simply chose not to. 

The global project of judicial enforcement needs to expand beyond a few select states dominated by, but not exclusive to, the WEOG group. We need to develop model business and human rights remediation legislation that could quickly and easily be rolled out in new states. We need to ensure that there is adequate training for judges on the state's obligation to provide remediation as well as how this can be realised appropriately in existing systems. I know some of this work is ongoing, but I'm a bit impatient at the progress.

My impatience is heightened by the unwillingness of states to do this work on their own. This year's "model" development - the French due diligence law - is not a law for remediation. It is a nice law for regulation and for reflection, but not for remediation. In the same vein, it is noteworthy that the developments in Canada are happening through the judiciary, not through the legislative process. The Canadian government -- meaning its legislative and executive branches -- have not done anything of significance to expand access to remedies for rights-holders harmed by Canadian companies overseas.

States continue to move incrementally towards accountability, and then only reluctantly so. They seem to hope that the use of non-judicial mechanisms will quench our thirst. This shows a deep misunderstanding of the relationship between judicial and non-judicial mechanisms. If we want effective non-judicial mechanisms, we need to ensure effective judicial mechanisms. We need the real water if we want to have Coke as an effective alternative.

Tomorrow: Jeers

While I am feeling quite positive about this year's Forum, there are still areas for improvement. Tomorrow, we'll get to the 'jeers' (which can now be found here). Before I conclude, however, I want to share this with you, which I found when searching for 'golden retrievers playing' in google. It's a Monday and Mondays can always be improved by a bit of randomness:

The Lack of Women Academics at the 2017 UNWG Forum

I wrote a 50-part twitter comment on the lack of women academics speaking at the 2017 UN Forum on Business and Human Rights. In hindsight, that seems like a waste of time. I should've just made it a blog post. I haven't kept this blog very active as my publication obligations increased significantly this year. So this seems like a good way to revive the blog. I'm pretty much copying and pasting the tweet rant, but I'll add links to the people I identify. I have also edited this briefly for coherency and appropriateness on a blog (instead of twitter), and to add some details, but here's mostly what I wrote on twitter:

Now that I’ve complimented @WGBizHRs on the inclusion of women in the #bizhumanrights Forum, let’s discuss lack of academics – and particularly women academics. I was surprised there were no academics on the keynote plenary so I investigated further.

In total, it appears there will be seven academics speaking on all the panels at the UN Forum on #bizhumanrights. They will speak on five panels. This is out of (if I counted correctly) 75 panels total. This tells us how we appreciate (or fail to) academic expertise. There are three women academics: Dr Attiya Waris, University of Nairobi; Dr Harpreet Kaur, Ashoka Uni (twitter); and Dr Patricia Palacios Zuloaga, University of Essex. Drs Kaur and Palacios Zuloaga will discuss women’s human rights and Dr Waris addresses African perspective on remedies.We have to go to Day 2 of a three-day Forum to hear a woman academic speak. This, unfortunately, tells us how women academic experts are valued (or not) in #bizhumanrights.

While I am calling out the UNWG, they alone are not responsible for this. Organizing the Forum is a massive undertaking and they rely on external organizers for most panels. But still… something important fell through the cracks on this one.

Let me acknowledge my methodology and some short-comings to this very unscientific inquiry into the 2017 Forum’s programme:
(1) I didn’t include members of the UNWG who are also academics as “academic speakers” because that’s not the role they're speaking in;
(2) I also relied solely on titles given in the programme for the same reason (and because I have an actual job and limited time). Where a speaker is about to become an academic (and I know of at least one) but that’s not their “role” for the Forum, I didn’t include them.
(3) I also didn’t include sessions before the opening plenary or evening sessions because while they are now included in the programme they have never been treated the same way as day-time sessions.
(4) It appears 25-30 panels have either no information on their speakers or limited information. I did assume one academic speaker (Sheldon Leader) based on reasonable assumptions. [Edited to note: Sheldon will not be speaking, although there will be a male academic speaking on a panel Sheldon is moderating. I feel it's also important to note here that Sheldon is not only my colleague, former PhD supervisor, and friend, he has also promoted my career regularly and routinely.]
(5) Where sessions are divided into Parts 1 and 2, I treated each panel as a distinct part.
(6) I only counted once, so I didn’t cross-check to ensure the number of panels. But I was careful with finding and identifying speakers. I wrote each speaker's name in a column titled "academics" that totaled all academics. Women academics were then written in a second column titled, shockingly, "women academics." Finally, I used shorthand to link academics who were speaking on the same panel and to keep track of the number of panels academics were speaking on.

With methodology out of the way: There are several notable panels where academics, and particularly women academics, could have been helpful. Anything addressing the financial regulation and/or the banking sector, for example. And, of course, the women keynote panel. There are two panels –- the UDHR at 70, organized by OHCHR, and child labour in cobalt supply chains – that appear to *only* have businesses or business-oriented organizations. Head-scratching b/c neither of these are topics that should only include businesses.

(Also, how do we have an entire Forum focused on remedies and yet multiple panels that are dominated by businesses while we have very few dominated by victims and none dominated by academics? Wasn't this the year we were going to make sure victims were at the centre of everything? Or was that just my own wishful thinking?)

I noted last year (via twitter) that academics shouldn’t be treated under the larger umbrella of “civil society.” This is for two related reasons: what we bring to the table; and what we don’t bring to the table. Academics can provide objective critical voices. We don’t necessarily have a stake in a particular project, but we have a stake in the development of the field as a whole. This allows us to be constructively critical.

Academics also often can make overarching connections that are not made by those working on a particular project. You want to discuss Colombia’s peace process and the UNGP? Excellent case study, but don’t forget that Colombia is following the experiences of South Africa, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Timor-Leste, Guatemala, Honduras, and will need to be adopted for use in Nepal, Myanmar, South Sudan, Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq. Academics don’t forget this and their insight in linking these cases, in developing nuance between them, and identifying important factors can be helpful.

We’re also professional educators, and generally professional educators for adults. This means we know when the language gets too dense for non-academics and usually have 3-6 analogies in our back pocket that will help clarify the situation. (I teach the sources of international law by talking about marriage, true love, and friends with benefits. I've had adults come to me months and years later and say "I know what customary international law is -- it's true love!" Of course, customary international law is not as lovely as true love. But it is analogous.)

Academics in #bizhumanrights are not Ivory Tower academics. We work with businesses and communities and victims groups. We just do it in a different way than civil society. And then we learn how to explain that work to a non-academic audience. Over and over and over again. It’s our job.

Academics are not, however, stand-ins for civil society or victims’ groups. I work with a lot of NGOs and victims, but it would be wrong for me to take a victims’ seat at a table. I don’t have their experience and their voice needs to be heard. I cannot tell you what an “adequate remedy” is for a child labourer in the cobalt industry. That has to come from the victim because the obligation is to make the victim whole again. They need to speak for themselves. But I can tell you what the remedial obligations are, what some options are for ensuring remedies, what has worked for child victims in the past, and where the often-hazy line is between providing remedies for a past violation and beginning to fulfil a distinct new obligation. For example, I'll make sure you understand that providing child labourers with an education is not a remedy; it’s a distinct obligation. Providing child labourers with extra support to address gaps in their education that developed because of their use in labour can be a remedy. Similarly, providing adults who were once child labourers with an education can be a remedy. But don't confuse the remedies and the distinct obligations: finally realising a distinct obligation is not, by definition, providing a remedy. If you don’t understand that, I have 4 other ways to explain that to you. Ask me. I'm happy to tell you at least one other way to get you to understand.

Don’t lump us in with civil society or with victims’ groups. We’re not. We’re a distinct stakeholder group. We bring a distinct value-added to these discussions. When you have a panel with 3-6 corporations, 1 or 2 victims, and no academic voices, you should know that you’re probably missing some important and helpful insights.

Now, that’s academics generally. Let’s briefly discuss what happens when you have no women academics – or three in a Forum with approximately 75 panels. And the problem with those three discussing only two issues: women’s rights and a regional perspective.

Let me be clear: if I were doing anything on women rights ever, I’d want Drs Kaur and Palacios Zuloaga on that panel. I don’t know Dr Waris and haven’t heard her speak, but a quick review of her CV indicates she’ll be a great speaker on remedies. We also absolutely need the panels they’re speaking on (although we could do a better job of mainstreaming both issues). But women’s rights and regional perspectives are not the only things women are experts in. Dr Waris, for example, would be appropriately placed on panels addressing state-owned businesses. Dr Kaur would be perfect on panels about the SDGs and UNGPs or on accessing community voices. Dr Palacios Zuloaga would give an added value to any panel on reparations and remedies.

They are not alone. The list of women academics in #bizhumanrights is long and distinguished. Yet senior academic women like Justine Nolan (twitter: @justine_nolan), Nadia Bernaz (twitter: @nbernaz), Mary Footer, Karin Buhmann, Nicola Jagers (twitter: @NicolaJagers, Joanne Bauer (twitter: @JoanneBauer), Erika George (twitter: @ProfErikaGeorge), Jena Martin (twitter: @JenaTMartin), Sara Seck (twitter: @SaraSeck) and Gwynne Skinner are all notably missing. And don’t even get me started on “younger” female academics: Chiara Macchi (twitter: @chiaramacchi7) Anil Yilmaz-Vastardis (twitter: @anil_yv) Katerina Yiannibas (twitter: @kyiannibas) Samentha Goethals (twitter: @Samenthe), Daniela Heerdt (@DanielaHeerdt), Charline Daelman, Dorothee Cambou, Krisztina Huszti-Orban, Basak Baglayan (twitter: @basakbc), Jelena Aparac. All those women were off the top of my head. None are speaking. Over three days and 75 panels.

This suggests that the field of #bizhumanrights is comfortable with women academics in areas long deemed “acceptable” for women: women (obviously), children (because we’re supposed to be mothers/caretakers, right?), and sometimes regional experts or voices. But we remain forgotten on other issues. When women academics are only given a few spaces to explain their expertise – “comfortable” areas – we lose two things: we lose hearing their insights and expertise and we lose the vision of women as experts. We lose hearing about insights that might spur us to think in new ways. We lose insights that pull together large and vastly different experiences. We lose insights that are well-informed by the latest research and that come from ethically reviewed investigations.

We also lose the vision women as experts. Women academics undertake deep, knowledgeable and nuanced investigations into both individual issues and approaches that can be extrapolated thoughtfully and carefully for broader application. This isn’t to say that the numerous women speaking as representatives of states, business or civil society organizations are not experts or knowledgeable, thoughtful or nuanced. But their role and their use of expertise is different. After posting on this on twitter, I was approached by a PhD student who said she still feels it's rare to see women academics treated as experts in this field. That's a problem. And it's not the PhD student's problem -- it's the field's. It is important that women academics be included in discussions of free speech, access to remedies, the legitimacy of arbitration for #bizhumanrights, and – yes – historical reflections on where we’ve come from and where we need to go 70 years after the UDHR.

We also know that routinely seeing and listening to women academics changes how all women are listened to. I have attended more than one #manel on #bizhumanrights and I’ve been to numerous ones where one woman speaks out of 8 or 10 planned speakers. Usually, the audience is 75% women and includes at least one or two of the senior women academics I named above. Yet we listen to 8-10 men tell us about their own interests in the field. I love listening to my male colleagues -- heck, I love discussing #bizhumanrights with anyone who will discuss it with me and that sometimes means random strangers in buses, planes, and or taxis. But by ensuring men dominate the academic discussion, we are not just missing what women have to offer (and that's a lot in this field) but we are reinforcing the notion that men should dominate the discussion. Please note that I used the word "ensuring" intentionally in that sentence. Choosing speakers is a choice; it is a political and social act, even when you want it not to be one. If you ask exclusively or predominately men, you are "ensuring" that men dominate the academic discussion. It's not a natural occurrence in this field and you are making a choice about how you want men and women to interact and be perceived in this field.

Sadly, it remains the default that when you want a #bizhumanrights "expert," you call a man. This happens for many reasons, but one reason is that people often do not appreciate women as experts until they see women experts. If you only see or hear women in some roles, you only envision them in those roles. Women aren’t deemed capable of being “experts” until enough women are actually recognized and seen as experts. The more people see women in that role, the more routine the inclusion of women in that role, the more likely women are to be listened to as experts, but also across the board. By recognizing women as experts, we acknowledge that they can and do add clear value, judgment, and insight. This can change how we more generally perceive comments from women all around. Women become more than just their emotions; they become beneficial and relevant members of our team.

When you fail to include academics in the discussion, you generally miss out on some relevant and important insights. When you fail to include women academics, you reinforce a patriarchal system that still refuses to acknowledge women as legitimate experts. Having speakers that address only "comfortable" subjects that women are "allowed" to dominate does not change this.

Again, I know this does not fall on the UNWG alone. It’s a communal failure within the field. It will only get better, however, when we acknowledge it’s a problem. I apologize to my friends and respected colleagues on the @WGBizHRs for singling out their efforts at the Forum first, but let’s start with acknowledging the problem in the places with the most power. I am not going to hold an academic institution just getting started in #bizhumanrights to a higher standard than I hold the UN Working Group. Instead, I'm going to hold them all to an equal standard while recognizing that the power dynamic means the UN Working Group will have a stronger impact on the field and future discussions.

For future organizers of #bizhumanrights conferences: if you want an academic / woman academic, ask me. Even if you don’t want me I am always happy to refer to you to someone in the – very large! – network of women academics working on #bizhumanrights issues. Alternatively, you can tweet to @atlas_women and ask to share the request with their broad network.

Women academics and their expertise need to be heard.

(And women academics in business and human rights -- and this includes all who identify as women -- if you are interested in being contacted by organizers, we have a google form for that. Fill this in and we'll share with any organizers who reach out to us: http://bit.ly/2yjgxVV).

UPDATE: The UN has now released a "speakers' list." It's 15 pages. Using the same methodology as above, but attempting to save myself time, I did a search for the terms "Univ" "Professor" and "School" to find academics. There are 16 academics (at least 16 serving in academic roles here), and of those 9 are women academics. The problem, however, is that this list appears to include moderators, not just speakers. While some will argue that I shouldn't differentiate between moderators and speakers, I do.

A moderator's job is to say this: "This Man is very accomplished. Mr. Man, please tell us what you think about this subject. ... Mr. Man, your time is up. [2 minutes later.] Mr. Man, we really need to move on now. [2 more minute later.] Mr. Man, I really need you to wrap up now. [1 minute later.] Great, thank you Mr. Man. Now, does anyone have questions for Mr. Man? We'll take 3 at a time. [Pointing] 1, 2, and 3." A speakers' role, on the other hand, is to provide expertise, nuance, and clarity about specific issues and to substantively respond to the audience's questions. The roles are simply incomparable -- as is the impact on the audience's understanding of expertise.

I have too often seen women academics asked to moderate panels after the organizers realize all the speakers are men. I've been used in this role too, which is why I now check the speakers list before agreeing to moderate a panel. Once we have a full programme that differentiates moderators from speakers, I'll go through it and update this post with the real numbers.

It is also worth noting that Dr. Palacios Zuloaga is no longer speaking, but two women I identified before -- and at least two I should have! -- are now on the list. The list of women academics now includes Jena Martin, Justine Nolan, Bonita Meyersfeld and Andrea Saldarriaga. I sincerely hope they are all speaking in substantive roles.

Remembering Nigel Rodley

This post has also been shared at The Essex Justice League blog.

I am still processing the news of this loss, but it appears Professor Sir Nigel Rodley, KBE, has passed away. There will be many more tributes to Nigel in the days to come, but I hope he will be remembered not just as an eminent scholar but as a good teacher.

I did my LLM dissertation under Nigel's supervision. We developed the topic in December after he gave a lecture on torture and the US legal approach at Guantanamo Bay, and for most of the thesis, it was an unremarkable working relationship with someone I deeply admired and enjoyed talking to, even if I remained intimidated by him long after it was warranted.

(*Lest my American friends think I got the terminology wrong, I'm using UK terminology here.)

There are two stories from that time, however, that stand out. I'm only prepared to share one publicly now (the other, which is more embarrassing for me I tell to my own students & mentees when they freak out about their work):

I disagree with Nigel on the importance of severity in the definition of torture. By September 2009 – when I was to hand in the dissertation – I had known this for a few months but had not yet spoken to him about it. This disagreement was weighing on me, in part because I wanted a good mark and – like many students do – I feared that disagreeing with someone of his stature could be taken as either insolence or inaccuracy and affect my result.

About a week before the paper was due, I ended up seated across from Nigel at an end-of-year dinner my class put on. I felt this was a good opportunity to sound him out, so I gathered my courage and said:

“Nigel, I have a bit of an issue I want to discuss. I kind of disagree with Manfred Nowak on part of the definition of torture.”

I said I gathered my courage. I didn’t say I had a lot of courage at that moment.

He leaned forward. “Really, my dear. I tend to agree with Manfred. What do you disagree with him about?”

“Well, I disagree with him on the issue of severity.”

He looked at me for a second and said, “Oh, well, yes, I do agree with Manfred on that.”

I blushed. “I know. I just didn't think it was polite to tell you to your face that I disagree with you.”

He leaned back and shook his head just slightly. “No, my dear. You are now at a point in your career where you should feel free to disagree with anyone in this field, so long as you do so with logic and have good references to back you up. So, tell me your thoughts.”

I laid out my case, to which he said, “Well, yes, you have a lot of support in that. As long you provide adequate references, you should feel free to embrace that position.”

We talked a little longer about that issue specifically, my dissertation generally, and about my career trajectory. I don't remember all of what was said, but that part of the conversation – the idea that I had a right to disagree with someone of Nigel’s stature so long as I laid out my case with logic and adequate references – has stuck with me.

Obviously, not every human rights academic embraces Nigel's humility and I have, on rare occasions, found myself disappointed upon meeting a name I have cited and admired only to realize they aren’t the quite as gracious as I’d come to expect after working with the likes of Nigel and Kevin Boyle and Francoise Hampson and Sheldon Leader.

Nigel’s words continue to inform how I conduct myself. One of the (weirder) compliments I often get is that people are glad I am present for meetings and workshops because I tend to ask good questions and provide good feedback. That is the result, I think, of knowing that I belong in the room. I don’t ask questions or give comments for the sake of getting my name known in part because Nigel (and separately and in different ways, Kevin, Francoise, Sheldon, Clara, Sabine, Lorna, Andrew, Geoff, etc…) imparted in me a belief that my opinion mattered regardless of my title or lack thereof. At the same time, that opinion comes with a responsibility to be careful and ensure it is well-informed and given only when relevant and when it adds something to the conversation.

It is a lesson I hope I impart on my own students. 

I have so many other memories with Nigel from my PhD and after -- I visited him to discuss my ideas, and in the final year, he would step on as my committee chair, bringing one more informed and opinionated voice into the very robust discussions my supervisors and I routinely "enjoyed." 

But, it is that LLM dissertation story that I always come back to with Nigel. And it's one that I think he appreciated as well. 

About 18 months ago, he asked me to co-edit a book on human rights institutions and enforcement (that process is ongoing). One of the byproducts was that I could easily persuade Nigel to come to Aarhus last September for a conference we hosted on the 50th anniversary of the ICCPR and ICESCR. I chaired his panel (which also featured the wonderful Janelle Diller). When I introduced him, I shared this story. I sort of sprang it on him actually, knowing that if I told him in advance what I was to say he would insist on a slightly less generous introduction. And sure enough, Nigel, being Nigel, ended up a bit flustered at the start of his talk. He regained composure, but it struck me how often I had seen him blush at compliments I assume were rather routine for him. Confidence balanced with humility. That's a pretty rare quality. 

Separately at that conference, I reminded him of the other, more embarrassing story as well. It was clear from his reaction that he also preferred the one I've shared here. I think that humility and generosity is how he hoped to be remembered, and it is what so many of us are thinking about today.

My friend (and mentor) ClaraSandoval, Director of the Essex Human Rights Centre, called Nigel a “brilliant and unpretentious colleague, an inspiring and generous human being and a wonderful mentor and friend.”

There will be many tributes coming out for Nigel in the next few days, but I think Clara’s will remain the most apt.

RIP Nigel, and thank you.

I borrowed this picture of an Essex Human Rights Center end-of-year party from my former flatmate and friend, Rukamanee Maharjan. Nigel's in the first row, seated far left. I am in the second or third row (depending on how you count), about 5 people from the right. I believe this was the year that Nigel and I tried - unsuccessfully - to work out how Todd Landman's magic tricks work.